Data Exploratory: Continued

Code

# The imports
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import requests
import geopandas as gpd
import hvplot.pandas
import rasterio as rio
import rioxarray
import xarray as xr
import hvplot.xarray
import panel as pn
import osmnx as ox
from shapely.geometry import Point
import seaborn as sns
import contextily as ctx

# Make sure plots show up in JupyterLab!
%matplotlib inline

1. Hong Kong Population

Areas with higher populations tend to experience a more pronounced UHI effect due to increased heat generation and retention associated with human activities and urban infrastructure. As such, we collect 2011/2016/2021 demographic data from Hong Kong Common Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal to see the distribution and trend of population. Specifically, we look into total population and average age in the exploratory analysis.

	OBJECTID	分區	District	人口密度	Population_Density	Shape__Area	Shape__Length	總人口	Total_population	geometry
0	1	黃大仙	Wong Tai Sin	43730	43730	1.092784e+07	17995.640782	406802	406802	POLYGON ((114.17942 22.34905, 114.17946 22.349...
1	2	九龍城	Kowloon City	40994	40994	1.184286e+07	31834.409404	410634	410634	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.17700 22.34904, 114.17702 ...
2	3	觀塘	Kwun Tong	59704	59704	1.322124e+07	25496.700164	673166	673166	POLYGON ((114.24371 22.28620, 114.24370 22.286...
3	4	西貢	Sai Kung	3771	3771	1.602944e+08	365545.476363	489037	489037	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.22112 22.35318, 114.22114 ...
4	5	北區	North	2269	2269	1.619184e+08	192815.532996	309631	309631	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.33576 22.51003, 114.33576 ...

	OBJECTID	ID	CNAME	CNAME_S	ENAME	Shape__Area	Shape__Length	geometry
0	1	1	黃大仙區	黄大仙区	WONG TAI SIN	1.092784e+07	17995.640782	POLYGON ((114.17942 22.34905, 114.17946 22.349...
1	2	6	九龍城區	九龙城区	KOWLOON CITY	1.184286e+07	31834.409404	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.17700 22.34904, 114.17702 ...
2	3	7	觀塘區	观塘区	KWUN TONG	1.322124e+07	25496.700164	POLYGON ((114.24371 22.28620, 114.24370 22.286...
3	4	8	西貢區	西贡区	SAI KUNG	1.602944e+08	365545.476363	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.22112 22.35318, 114.22114 ...
4	5	11	北區	北区	NORTH	1.619184e+08	192815.532996	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.33576 22.51003, 114.33576 ...

	OBJECTID	District	Population_Density	Shape__Area	Shape__Length	Total_population	geometry
0	1	Wong Tai Sin	43730	1.092784e+07	17995.640782	406802	POLYGON ((114.17942 22.34905, 114.17946 22.349...
1	2	Kowloon City	40994	1.184286e+07	31834.409404	410634	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.17700 22.34904, 114.17702 ...
2	3	Kwun Tong	59704	1.322124e+07	25496.700164	673166	POLYGON ((114.24371 22.28620, 114.24370 22.286...
3	4	Sai Kung	3771	1.602944e+08	365545.476363	489037	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.22112 22.35318, 114.22114 ...
4	5	North	2269	1.619184e+08	192815.532996	309631	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.33576 22.51003, 114.33576 ...

As seen in the map, the population is primarily concentrated in the central urban districts, which include Kwun Tong District, Yau Tsim Mong District, Kowloon City District, Wong Tai Sin District, Sham Shui Po District, and Eastern District across Victoria Harbour. The population density diminishes as the distance from the center increases.

<Response [200]>

<Response [200]>

We have developed an interactive dashboard that provides demographic data for the years 2011, 2016, and 2021, organized by District Council District. This dashboard offers a detailed breakdown of densely populated areas, with a particular focus on the central urban district. Interestingly, we can also identify numerous smaller districts with significant population clusters in the outskirts of Hong Kong. For average age distribution especially in recent years, they are more likely to cluster in the core areas, followed by the New Territories in the north.

	geometry	dc_eng_x	dcca_eng	ca_eng_x	total_pop_2016	median_age_2016	total_pop_2021	median_age_2021	total_pop_2011	median_age_2011	index_right	OBJECTID	ID	CNAME	CNAME_S	ENAME	Shape__Area	Shape__Length
193	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.12785 22.35163, 114.12745 ...	Kwai Tsing	Kwai Tsing - Lai King	Lai King	13985	49.1	13658	53.4	14768	46.3	12	13	4	深水埗區	深水埗区	SHAM SHUI PO	1.100815e+07	28395.306312

2. Road Network

Urban Heat Island is related with transportation infrastructure as well, especially in densely populated cities like Hong Kong. As such, we further explore the this factor in the perspective of road network. Specifically, we’ll further investigate into road length and road density within 18 districts in Hong Kong.

Retrieve Road Network from Open Street Map

As we can see from the exploratory map, the form and density of Hong Kong’s road network are highly influenced by its hilly and mountainous terrain, resulting in a dispersed, complex, and high-density configuration. Hong Kong has a relatively well-developed road transportation network, but due to the presence of extensive urban development and roads, urban areas are prone to absorbing and storing heat, leading to relatively higher temperatures within the city.

(<Figure size 800x800 with 1 Axes>, <Axes: >)

<Axes: >

Calculate Road Length & Density in 18 Districts

C:\Users\wawdj\mambaforge\envs\musa-550-fall-2023\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py:3448: FutureWarning: The `op` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the `predicate` parameter instead.
  if await self.run_code(code, result, async_=asy):

	ENAME	length
0	CENTRAL & WESTERN	184421.695
1	EASTERN	196191.617
2	ISLANDS	347799.377
3	KOWLOON CITY	200720.061
4	KWAI TSING	325607.738

	OBJECTID	ID	CNAME	CNAME_S	ENAME	Shape__Area	Shape__Length	geometry	road_length
0	1	1	黃大仙區	黄大仙区	WONG TAI SIN	1.092784e+07	17995.640782	POLYGON ((114.17942 22.34905, 114.17946 22.349...	115676.019
1	2	6	九龍城區	九龙城区	KOWLOON CITY	1.184286e+07	31834.409404	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.17700 22.34904, 114.17702 ...	200720.061
2	3	7	觀塘區	观塘区	KWUN TONG	1.322124e+07	25496.700164	POLYGON ((114.24371 22.28620, 114.24370 22.286...	230842.202
3	4	8	西貢區	西贡区	SAI KUNG	1.602944e+08	365545.476363	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.22112 22.35318, 114.22114 ...	380513.770
4	5	11	北區	北区	NORTH	1.619184e+08	192815.532996	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.33576 22.51003, 114.33576 ...	435564.873

C:\Users\wawdj\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_2392\625515033.py:1: UserWarning: Geometry is in a geographic CRS. Results from 'area' are likely incorrect. Use 'GeoSeries.to_crs()' to re-project geometries to a projected CRS before this operation.

  hk_limit['area'] = hk_limit['geometry'].area / 1e6

	OBJECTID	ID	CNAME	CNAME_S	ENAME	Shape__Area	Shape__Length	geometry	road_length	area	road_density
0	1	1	黃大仙區	黄大仙区	WONG TAI SIN	1.092784e+07	17995.640782	POLYGON ((114.17942 22.34905, 114.17946 22.349...	115676.019	8.156332e-10	1.418236e+14
1	2	6	九龍城區	九龙城区	KOWLOON CITY	1.184286e+07	31834.409404	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.17700 22.34904, 114.17702 ...	200720.061	9.172815e-10	2.188206e+14
2	3	7	觀塘區	观塘区	KWUN TONG	1.322124e+07	25496.700164	POLYGON ((114.24371 22.28620, 114.24370 22.286...	230842.202	9.870107e-10	2.338801e+14
3	4	8	西貢區	西贡区	SAI KUNG	1.602944e+08	365545.476363	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.22112 22.35318, 114.22114 ...	380513.770	1.196284e-08	3.180799e+13
4	5	11	北區	北区	NORTH	1.619184e+08	192815.532996	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.33576 22.51003, 114.33576 ...	435564.873	1.207042e-08	3.608532e+13

It appears that the highest road network density is concentrated in the central and most urbanized districts of Hong Kong, such as Yau Tsim Mong, Kowloon City, and Sham Shui Po districts. Notably, Yuen Long District in the north stands as an exception, displaying relatively robust road network density. Conversely, as one moves farther away from the core districts, particularly towards the coastline, there is a gradual decline in road network density. The areas characterized by the lowest densities and minimal road infrastructure tend to be situated in remote or rural locations. Additionally, these areas may encompass the outlying islands or protected regions within the New Territories.

3. Land Use/ Zoning

Land use/ zoning also has a significant impact on the Urban Heat Island as well, as different types of land use can either mitigate or exacerbate the heat. In the context of Hong Kong, it boosts a wide range of open space like the green belt, agriculture, recreation areas, country parks, etc, which can mitigate the heat significance. Conversely, areas with intensive human activities and built environments tend to experience higher temperatures.

Filter Open Space Part within Land Use/Zoning

Within the zoning map, we have identified and selected land types with the potential to mitigate the influence of the Urban Heat Island. These include areas designated as open space, green belts, conservation areas, recreational sites, agricultural land, pedestrian streets, and coastal protection areas. These selected zones will be plotted to highlight their distribution and potential cooling effect on the urban environment.

C:\Users\wawdj\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_2392\516839381.py:1: UserWarning: Geometry is in a geographic CRS. Results from 'centroid' are likely incorrect. Use 'GeoSeries.to_crs()' to re-project geometries to a projected CRS before this operation.

  zoning_select['center']=zoning_select.geometry.centroid
C:\Users\wawdj\mambaforge\envs\musa-550-fall-2023\lib\site-packages\geopandas\geodataframe.py:1538: SettingWithCopyWarning: 
A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame.
Try using .loc[row_indexer,col_indexer] = value instead

See the caveats in the documentation: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/user_guide/indexing.html#returning-a-view-versus-a-copy
  super().__setitem__(key, value)
C:\Users\wawdj\mambaforge\envs\musa-550-fall-2023\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py:3448: FutureWarning: The `op` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the `predicate` parameter instead.
  if await self.run_code(code, result, async_=asy):

	ENAME	total_pop_2016	total_pop_2021	total_pop_2011	median_age_2011	median_age_2016	median_age_2021	OBJECTID_left	ID	CNAME	CNAME_S	Shape__Area_left	Shape__Length_left	geometry	road_length	area	road_density	index_right	OBJECTID_right	PLAN_NO	ZONE_LABEL	DESC_ENG	DESC_CHT	SPUSE_ENG	SPUSE_CHT	SHAPE_Leng	Shape__Area_right	Shape__Length_right	center
0	CENTRAL & WESTERN	340334	326280	346841	42.238095	44.076190	45.547619	6	13	中西區	中西区	1.460458e+07	26733.700864	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.14562 22.29045, 114.14990 ...	184421.695	1.090622e-09	1.690977e+14	2673	2674	S/H10/20	GB	Green Belt	綠化地帶			6581.348959	619008.682861	6581.349029	POINT (114.14239 22.25675)
10	SOUTHERN	355603	339536	355804	43.250000	44.545455	48.404545	11	16	南區	南区	4.644934e+07	112548.313475	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.11777 22.27384, 114.11853 ...	210406.422	3.469477e-09	6.064499e+13	2673	2674	S/H10/20	GB	Green Belt	綠化地帶			6581.348959	619008.682861	6581.349029	POINT (114.14239 22.25675)
0	CENTRAL & WESTERN	340334	326280	346841	42.238095	44.076190	45.547619	6	13	中西區	中西区	1.460458e+07	26733.700864	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.14562 22.29045, 114.14990 ...	184421.695	1.090622e-09	1.690977e+14	899	900	S/H1/22	OU	Other Specified Uses	其他指定用途	PUBLIC MORTUARY	公眾殮房	233.257105	2865.110779	233.257108	POINT (114.11725 22.27801)
0	CENTRAL & WESTERN	340334	326280	346841	42.238095	44.076190	45.547619	6	13	中西區	中西区	1.460458e+07	26733.700864	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.14562 22.29045, 114.14990 ...	184421.695	1.090622e-09	1.690977e+14	2758	2759	S/H10/20	CP	Country Park	郊野公園			1701.978533	97797.222290	1701.978533	POINT (114.14161 22.26246)
10	SOUTHERN	355603	339536	355804	43.250000	44.545455	48.404545	11	16	南區	南区	4.644934e+07	112548.313475	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.11777 22.27384, 114.11853 ...	210406.422	3.469477e-09	6.064499e+13	2758	2759	S/H10/20	CP	Country Park	郊野公園			1701.978533	97797.222290	1701.978533	POINT (114.14161 22.26246)

	ENAME	Shape__Area_right
0	CENTRAL & WESTERN	12.511457
1	EASTERN	15.717715
2	ISLANDS	93.395277
3	KOWLOON CITY	4.043059
4	KWAI TSING	16.084105
5	KWUN TONG	8.248983
6	NORTH	72.372960
7	SAI KUNG	38.122037
8	SHA TIN	25.508923
9	SHAM SHUI PO	6.539740
10	SOUTHERN	30.205835
11	TAI PO	39.991753
12	TSUEN WAN	25.119254
13	TUEN MUN	23.514369
14	WAN CHAI	11.311346
15	WONG TAI SIN	3.320487
16	YAU TSIM MONG	2.894091
17	YUEN LONG	76.750176

	ENAME	total_pop_2016	total_pop_2021	total_pop_2011	median_age_2011	median_age_2016	median_age_2021	OBJECTID	ID	CNAME	CNAME_S	Shape__Area	Shape__Length	geometry	road_length	area	road_density	Shape__Area_right
0	CENTRAL & WESTERN	340334	326280	346841	42.238095	44.076190	45.547619	6	13	中西區	中西区	1.460458e+07	26733.700864	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.14562 22.29045, 114.14990 ...	184421.695	1.090622e-09	1.690977e+14	12.511457
1	EASTERN	627887	598232	632158	43.977500	44.047500	48.742500	8	15	東區	东区	2.184211e+07	36188.456666	POLYGON ((114.24738 22.25339, 114.24733 22.253...	196191.617	1.631095e-09	1.202822e+14	15.717715
2	ISLANDS	106179	105513	87160	39.280000	42.060000	42.640000	12	2	離島區	离岛区	2.092858e+08	352295.332949	MULTIPOLYGON (((113.92250 22.15339, 113.92241 ...	347799.377	1.563092e-08	2.225073e+13	93.395277
3	KOWLOON CITY	619041	599881	609338	43.321622	44.024324	46.962162	2	6	九龍城區	九龙城区	1.184286e+07	31834.409404	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.17700 22.34904, 114.17702 ...	200720.061	9.172815e-10	2.188206e+14	4.043059
4	KWAI TSING	619133	576820	638052	42.177778	44.091667	48.169444	15	3	葵青區	葵青区	2.741789e+07	56502.167657	MULTIPOLYGON (((114.09501 22.32524, 114.09501 ...	325607.738	2.046340e-09	1.591171e+14	16.084105